The article discusses issues related to the choice of equipment for radio frequency spectrum monitoring systems in conditions of multiple criteria and conflicting requirements for their characteristics. The approaches to determining weighting coefficients are analyzed, which make it possible to aggregate heterogeneous indicators such as bearing accuracy, frequency range, speed, noise immunity, and others into a single integral criterion. The main attention is paid to three groups of indicators of purpose: complex, economic, and techno-economic. For each of them, the peculiarities of formation and limitations in practical application are revealed. It is shown that using only technical or only economic criteria does not provide the complete picture needed by the decision maker. The most valuable technical and economic indicators are those that make it possible to link the achieved technical effect with various types of costs. However, as noted in the paper, the application of criteria such as the ratio of effect to cost requires additional analysis of the relationship between these values. If the relationship is linear, the use of such criteria is justified, otherwise it is necessary to bring the compared options to a comparable form or involve expert assessments. The results may be useful to specialists involved in the modernization and development of radio monitoring systems, as well as to those who participate in tender procedures for the selection of such equipment. 

Introduction. The paper addresses the task of detecting SQL injections in HTTP requests using machine learning methods. The models were trained on a dataset containing over 120,000 HTTP requests, classified into legitimate requests and those containing SQL injections. Each request was represented by a set of features, the dimensionality of which was reduced using the Principal Component Analysis method. The number of components used for the study of each model ranged from 2 to 14.

Materials and methods. The study involves various models: Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN), Naive Bayes, Multilayer Perceptron with the RProp algorithm, Fuzzy Rule, k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Random Forest, Decision Tree, and Gradient Boosted Trees. The quality assessment is performed using recall and precision metrics for attack detection. Overfitting is evaluated using the ROC-AUC metric.

Results and discussion. The effectiveness of different models was studied. Among the selected models, the Probabilistic Neural Network stands out in terms of performance metrics. With 3 principal components, the recall value is 0.996, and the attack detection precision is 0.81.

Conclusion. The obtained result demonstrates that the model detects nearly all SQL injections, but classifies some legitimate requests as malicious. 

Introduction. People's consumption of digital content is growing rapidly every year. To obtain information, users use a huge variety of applications, websites, video hosting services and other systems. Every time such systems are used, each user is confronted with the graphical interface of this system. Creating a graphical user interface is not an easy task. There are many GUI building systems for various environments and programming languages, most often they are implemented as frameworks.

Materials and methods. Creating graphical interfaces is a complex task, for which there are many tools, including frameworks focused on specific languages or platforms, as well as visual programming tools. This scientific article presents an analysis of five popular systems – Flutter, Jetpack Compose, Electron, Windows Forms and Qt. The analysis was carried out according to the following key criteria: development speed, performance, cross-platform, customization, licensing, and community support.

Results and discussion. Flutter is a cross–platform framework in the Dart language that provides high-speed development thanks to a hot reboot and a single code base for iOS, Android, Web, Windows, macOS and Linux. Jetpack Compose is a declarative Kotlin UI development tool in the Android ecosystem. Electron – allows you to create desktop applications using web technologies (HTML/CSS/JS). Windows Forms is a classic Microsoft framework for creating Windows applications in C#. It has a simple visual design and a low entry threshold, but is limited only to Windows, is outdated and does not support modern UI features. Qt is a powerful cross–platform C++ framework with support for visual design (Qt Designer) and the declarative QML language.

Conclusion.  The frameworks considered – Flutter, Jetpack Compose, Windows Forms, Electron, and Qt – demonstrate different approaches to building graphical interfaces, each of which is optimized for specific tasks and target platforms. None of them provides a perfect balance between development speed, performance, and crossplatform, but each stands out in its own aspects. The choice of a tool depends not only on the technical characteristics, but also on the programming language, license terms, long-term support and community activity.

Introduction. The paper presents a systematized description of methodological approaches to organizing the complete production cycle of block-modular boiler houses (BMBH) from the technical specification stage to commissioning. The state of the literature is fragmented: individual life-cycle stages are thoroughly described, while the methodology of cross-stage coordination is not systematically articulated.

Goal. Development of a methodological framework treating the BMBH life cycle as a unified information loop and identification of cross-cutting principles ensuring continuity of engineering solutions at stage boundaries.

Materials and methods. The research is based on a comparative analysis of Russian, European and North American engineering schools, stage-by-stage decomposition of the BMBH life cycle, methodological synthesis, and generalization of recent scientific literature on systems engineering, digital twins and cybersecurity of energy facilities.

Results and discussion. Four cross-cutting methodological principles are identified – data continuity, early diagnosability, modularity as a design-and-production principle, and integrated safety; a data-continuity graph, a matrix mapping principles onto stages, and a classification of methodological risks are developed; a nonlinear dependence of the cost of risk mitigation on the distance between detection and origination stages is established.

Conclusion. It is concluded that the quality of the BMBH production cycle is determined by cross-stage consistency rather than by local optimization within individual stages; prospective directions are outlined, including digital twins, data transfer across life-cycle boundaries, and cybersecurity of remote monitoring systems.

Introduction. The article considers the development of a software tool for protecting data generation for machine learning. The relevance of the topic is determined by the increasing use of synthetic data for training and testing machine learning models, while the generation process may involve risks of confidential information disclosure, memorization of source records by generative models, and violation of data governance requirements.

Materials and methods. The study employed a theoretical analysis of publications on synthetic data, differential privacy, artificial intelligence risk management, and data protection, as well as a design-oriented approach to building a software tool based on modules for feature classification, privacy transformation, generation, auditing, and release control.

Results and discussion. The structure of the SynthGuard-ML software tool for secure data generation is described. The paper presents the levels of data protection control, a general scheme of the tool operation, data protection requirements, and algorithms for processing the source dataset, forming a protected representation, generating synthetic data, and verifying the result.

Conclusion. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed software tool makes it possible to organize a protected data generation pipeline in which a synthetic dataset is released only after privacy, utility, and security policy compliance checks.

The article addresses the problem of designing a control system for hydrolithospheric processes in deep-seated aquifers. An applied method is considered for synthesizing a control system for the discharge rate of a production well, in which drawdown in an observation well is used as the controlled variable, while the discharge rate of the production well serves as the control action. It is shown that the use of an observation well in the feedback loop makes it possible to eliminate the distorting effect of thermal gas-lift phenomena typical of deep gas-saturated aquifers and to establish the production regime on the basis of the prescribed allowable drawdown. 

This article examines the potential for using secondary raw materials, specifically retentates, permeates, whey, and milk powder, to create functional products, including lactose-free ones. It presents the composition of the concentrates, production trends, and potential applications in various fields. It has been established that retentate is a rich source of components, including phospholipids, whey proteins, and other components with important biological activity, making it a promising raw material for creating functional products. The relevance of this topic is driven by the growing demand for healthy foods and products with improved properties.

Introduction. The article describes the effect of various types of pectin on the growth rate of probiotic microorganisms and the effectiveness of their protection during encapsulation. The use of polysaccharide matrices for microcapsulation is considered as a promising way to increase the stability of probiotics during storage and use in functional foods. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of various types of pectin on the growth of Lactococcus lactis and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains, as well as to determine the effectiveness of pectin matrices for maintaining the viability of microorganisms during microcapsulation.

Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of the growth rate of probiotic cultures in nutrient media with the addition of various types of pectin, as well as on the assessment of the survival of microorganisms after encapsulation and during storage. Cell viability was determined by microbiological methods with the calculation of colony-forming units and the comparison of the preservation parameters of probiotic cultures in various pectin matrices.

Results and discussion. In the course of the work, it was found that use of pectins as matrices for microcapsulation helps to increase the stability of probiotic cultures. Citrus pectin demonstrated the most pronounced protective properties, which ensured the greatest preservation of the cells of the studied microorganisms during storage. It has been shown that the structural features and the degree of pectin methoxylation have a significant effect on the encapsulation efficiency and stability of probiotic cells.

Conclusion. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the microcapsulation of probiotic microorganisms into pectin-based matrices can significantly increase their stability and survival during storage. Microcapsules based on citrus pectin had the most effective protective properties, which ensured the preservation of Lactococcus lactis and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum at the level of 87.41% and 88.81%, respectively, after 8 weeks of storage. Results obtained confirm the promising use of pectin polysaccharides for the development of biologically active additives and functional food products with a prolonged shelf life and high biological value. 

Introduction. The article provides a justification for enriching flour products with bracken powder as an approach to increasing the nutritional and biological value of traditional dishes. The relevance of the direction of functional nutrition and the need to preserve the usual organoleptic properties when adding herbal ingredients are shown. The ethnocultural context is discussed, including the expediency of using unleavened dough products in Tatar cuisine. The risks of wild-growing raw materials and the need for detoxification due to ptakyloside are emphasized.

Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of the technological scheme of preparation of eaglet and experimental verification of the doses of the additive in unleavened dough. The raw materials were collected in an ecologically clean area, washed, blanched, infrared dried, powdered, and added to formulations instead of a portion of flour. The levels of six, nine and twelve percent of the flour weight were considered. The comprehensive assessment included sensory analysis of the products, instrumental measurements of color and texture, as well as the calculation of nutritional indicators relative to the control sample. The effects of detoxification by heat treatment were verified. To compare the basic nutritional composition of the dough when adding fern, the recipes of 16 dishes were modeled.

Results and discussion. In the course of the work, it was found that the introduction of the powder increases the content of protein, dietary fiber and mineral elements, forming a more favorable nutritional profile compared with the control. The optimal proportion is nine percent, which provides a balance between improved nutrition and acceptable organoleptics: elastic structure, green-golden hue, mild herbaceous aroma without pronounced bitterness. A higher proportion leads to an increase in floral notes and makes it more difficult to roll out the dough. The combined treatment of blanching plus infrared drying significantly reduces the content of ptakyloside, confirming the safety of the approach. The approbation in traditional products of Tatar cuisine demonstrates technological compatibility and a positive consumer reaction. The prospects of combining with other herbal powders to optimize the profile of nutrients and organoleptics are discussed. Additionally, it is shown that adjusting the moisture content softens the effect of the additive on rollability, and consumer samples confirm the acceptability of taste.

Conclusion. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the developed technology for enriching unleavened dough with bracken powder is scientifically sound and practically feasible. It increases the nutritional and biological value of products while maintaining quality and safety, and also takes into account the cultural characteristics of formulations. The most rational dosage is nine percent. The directions of further work are proposed: refinement of detoxification modes and drying parameters, scaling to an industrial level, expanded touch panels, confirmation of color and taste stability during storage, toxicological and clinical verification, as well as the development of quality control standards.

Echinacea purpurea is among the most widely used medicinal plants in various industries. The increased interest in echinacea is explained by its content of a complex of biologically active substances. One of the promising approaches to obtaining plant raw materials is the use of plant tissue culture methods. In this work, the features of in vitro callus tissue induction of Echinacea purpurea are examined, and the influence of the nutrient medium composition on the intensity of callus formation is assessed. The Murashige and Skoog medium with various combinations of growth regulators was used as the base medium. It was found that changing the ratio of auxins to cytokinins significantly affects the frequency of callus tissue formation. The obtained results can be used in the development of biotechnological methods for obtaining purple echinacea plant biomass.  

The decrease in the yield of strategically important agricultural crops such as corn, spring wheat, and spring barley under modern cultivation conditions is largely due to the progressive degradation of soil fertility and the increased impact of abiotic stressors. To restore soil potential and maintain an optimal nutrient balance in the "soil-plant" system, comprehensive fertilization methods are being actively implemented in advanced agronomic practice. A special place among them is occupied by innovative biological products based on free L-amino acids in combination with macro- and microelements. This approach demonstrates high physiological and economic efficiency, being one of the most promising vectors for the development of the modern agro-industrial complex (AIC). In recent years, there has been an exponential increase in the use of amino acid growth stimulants, which not only level the consequences of stress in plants but also contribute to unlocking their genetic potential, improving the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the crop. The economic feasibility of integrating both natural and synthesized growth stimulants is confirmed by a high profitability ratio: the expected profit from the yield increase is many times higher than the operational costs of purchasing the preparations. This article systematizes and analyzes the results of long-term experimental studies by Russian scientists. The effect of amino acid biopreparations (Teknokel Amino, Aminocat, Intermag Profi, etc.) on the ontogenesis, photosynthetic activity, and productivity of corn hybrids and cereal crops grown in various soil and climatic zones of the Russian Federation is considered. Meta-analysis of the data allows us to objectively evaluate the effectiveness of biopreparations and recommend them for widespread implementation in resource-saving farming technologies.

Introduction. Distance learning is currently underdeveloped. It needs to be widely disseminated, especially during times of economic crisis.

Materials and methods. Distance learning is education delivered at a time convenient for students. This teaching method is most often recommended for part-time students, those pursuing a second degree, and those who, for one reason or another, are unable to attend full-time education. This form of education is not recommended for first-year students, as they do not yet have a well-developed understanding of how to accumulate and utilize knowledge.

Results and discussion. The growth in children's online education remains positive, but is slowing: growth in 2025 was 22.2%, compared to 32.6% the year before. Moreover, according to Daria Ryzhkova, the children's segment's position is more stable compared to continuing professional education.

Conclusion. The performance of programming schools for children, which drove growth in 2024, has significantly worsened; by the end of 2025, many of them showed negative growth. 

Maize is highly susceptible to contamination by toxigenic micromycetes. Mycotoxins accumulate in commercial grain and pose a serious threat to public food safety, causing toxicosis in both humans and animals. This study aims to systematize current scientific data on the transition of hazardous mycotoxins from a field pathology in maize to a real health threat, as well as to critically analyze the efficacy of existing laboratory diagnostic methods. The thoroughly examines the pathogenetic potential of key fusariotoxins (deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins), Aspergillus aflatoxins, and alternariol. A comparative analysis of detection methods for these ecotoxicants was performed. The results show that enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the most effective and cost-efficient method for the quantitative determination of the secondary metabolites themselves, whereas PCR diagnostics serves as a complementary tool that enables early detection of phytopathogens under field conditions. The scientific novelty of this work lies in the fact that the mycotoxin problem is considered not in isolation, but as an end-to-end transformation of field phytopathology into a direct threat to consumer health. The proposed integrated approach allows for the consolidation of agronomic, veterinary, and medical aspects within a single "farm-to-fork" food chain. Protecting the population from mycotoxin exposure requires interdisciplinary control that links field monitoring, grain storage conditions, and rapid sanitary-hygienic expertise.

The article is devoted to theoretical models and practical methods of developing a PR strategy for shaping the image of a musical performer. The key approaches to building the image of artists (imagemyth, individual image, narrative branding), strategy development methodology (analysis of the current situation, target audience, concept, communication channels), as well as PR and marketing communication tools (social networks, mass media, live events, creative activities) are analyzed. Practical conclusions and recommendations are made, including performance evaluation criteria (KPIs).

The article presents an overview of contemporary research (2003–2026) on the application of biological products in the agro-industrial sector. It analyzes the effects of more than 34 biological products on various agricultural crops, taking into account varietal specificity and the influence of soil and climatic factors. The study reveals the high selectivity of the products' action and demonstrates that their efficacy depends on the hydrothermal conditions of the growing season. A systematized classification of biological products into eight functional groups is proposed. It has been established that complex, multifunctional preparations attract the greatest research interest, whereas the mechanisms of action of bioinsecticides and auxiliary biological products remain the least studied. A significant proportion of the biological products discussed in the article have been mentioned only once in scientific literature, highlighting the need for large-scale, multi-year, multi-location trials to confirm the stability of their performance across diverse soil and climatic zones. 

This article is devoted to the issue of expanding the traditional methodological framework in political science through the use of mathematical methods. The digital transformation of the global space determines the need to develop data analysis tools that underlie the creation of artificial intelligence. Using the example of the political space of the "Russian World", the paper reflects the principle of constructing a mathematical model, as well as identifies the tasks that occur in the process of formalizing political processes. A comparative analysis of various mathematical systems and their practical application in the field of political science proves the position that, despite the large number of different dimensions of political units (the lacunar spectrum), the political space can be equalized in the form of a mathematical system. In this regard, artificial intelligence can become a tool for processing big data of a multi-level structure of the political space. The article pays special attention to the issue of creating a domestic artificial intelligence product, which should become a tool for realizing Russian national interests. During the period of the seocentric wars, the provision of such a resource as artificial intelligence by the state makes it possible to ensure not only digital sovereignty, but also affects all levels of the political space system in foreign policy. In this regard, the Russian product should be based on the concepts of the political space of the "Russian World", which includes the identification of national history and scientific schools, traditional spiritual and moral values. Only with the fundamental foundations of the "Russian World" will the Russian artificial intelligence system be able to produce a high-quality forecast scenario for the development of foreign policy actions and work for the benefit of Russia. At the same time, it is important to take into account the competitive advantage of the future digital world – natural intelligence, the importance of which should remain fundamental in Russian foreign policy, which will make it possible to counter cyber attacks and digital interference from unfriendly countries. These circumstances once again emphasize the relevance of the study of mathematical methods in the framework of political science as a promising applied tool for analyzing the political space.

The relevance of this article is due to the significant increase in the importance of ensuring public safety in the context of the complexity of socio-political relations and the systemic confrontation between the Russian Federation and the countries of the collective West. The article focuses on the specifics of ensuring public safety at the municipal level, which is due to a number of specific characteristics. The article systematizes structural and technological features of the political management of ensuring public safety in the resort cities of the North Caucasus Federal District, and specifies the factors and determinants that determine the projections of these features in the political process. 

The relevance of studying modern geopolitical transformations in the Southeast Asia (SEA) subregion in the context of the formation of a new world order is due to their increasing importance in the global political system. These transformations have the potential to change the fundamental foundations of the region's political architecture. For Russia, this region is of systemic interest due to its key role in the implementation of the strategic initiative of "turning to the East" and its integration into the Greater Eurasia project, which is one of the priority areas of the Russian Federation's foreign policy. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to identify the main trends and factors affecting the geopolitical dynamics in the region, as well as to assess their possible consequences for the international system and regional actors. Special attention is paid to studying Russia's role in these processes, its strategic interests, and its opportunities to strengthen its influence in Southeast Asia. The interaction between Russia and other key players, such as China, India, the United States, and the ASEAN countries, is also examined, as well as their impact on the geopolitical configuration of the region. The article highlights the features of political transformation processes in Southeast Asia, the geopolitical importance of which is steadily increasing. These processes are conditioned by the formation of a new world order, and at the same time they themselves form a new regional political architecture. Thus, this study aims to gain a deeper understanding of the current geopolitical transformations in Southeast Asia and their impact on global and regional politics, as well as to identify the prospects and opportunities for Russia in the context of these changes. 

This article examines the strategic use of humanitarian aid, which may involve interactions with both political allies and political adversaries. In theory, a state could exploit a natural disaster occurring on the territory of its adversary to enhance its strategic position. However, in practice, this does not occur because such actions are associated with long-term costs and go beyond the bounds of socially acceptable behavior in disaster situations. Furthermore, states typically refuse to act when their adversaries suffer a tragedy. On the contrary, they demonstrate a willingness to provide assistance to their strategic opponents. The author demonstrates that competition among major international players for favorable, positive perceptions in global public opinion remains intense. This type of competition is becoming a key feature of the emerging new world order based on the principle of diversity. The desire to create a positive image in the eyes of the foreign public is explained by the fact that it plays a significant role in the achievement of various foreign policy goals and the implementation of international initiatives. The article highlights foreign humanitarian aid as an effective tool for image-building. States may provide humanitarian aid for various reasons. It may be provided for altruistic reasons, to improve the socioeconomic situation in developing countries, or for economic reasons, to generate additional profit. At the same time, it can be seen as a means of influencing the political elite of recipient countries, which serves to advance the foreign policy interests of donors and to foster favorable public opinion of the donor country in recipient countries and on the global stage.

Introduction. The article presents a description of a methodological approach to analyzing language policy instruments as a system-forming factor in the construction of national-state identity, using the Russian Federation as a case study. The author substantiates the relevance of the research by referencing the adoption of new strategic documents in the Russian Federation (2025–2026), which set the development vectors for the language sphere.

Goal. he research is aimed at identifying and systematizing language policy instruments that contribute to strengthening all-Russian civic identity, as well as highlighting the key challenges and prospects for the implementation of this policy in the context of preserving ethnocultural diversity.

Materials and methods. The study is based on an analysis of federal and regional normative legal acts (the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Presidential Decrees), international cases (Kazakhstan, Indonesia, India, the Czech Republic), and scholarly publications in sociolinguistics. The methodological framework comprises documentary analysis, a comparative legal method, and the synthesis of empirical data.

Results and discussion. The study reveals that language policy is implemented through four universal mechanisms: institutional (establishing the legal status of languages in regulatory acts), educational (language learning at the school and higher education levels), communicative (regulating the public sphere and advertising), and cultural-symbolic (through educational and outreach projects). The Russian model is characterized as multi-component, combining the dominance of the Russian language with support for the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation. At the same time, acute contradictions between the federal center and regional elites have been identified, along with a systemic problem of declining language literacy among young people. 

Conclusion. Based on the findings of the conducted research, it can be concluded that the contemporary language policy of the Russian Federation represents a comprehensive strategic resource for societal consolidation. Institutional successes and an expansion of educational program coverage are observed; however, further policy development requires attention to the quality of language education and a cautious approach.

In the authors’ previous study, the SlowFast two-stream architecture demonstrated high efficiency in diagnosing dyslalia on Russian-language data (98.0% accuracy on real clinical recordings). However, the question of the model's cross-lingual robustness remained open. This paper evaluates the ability of a SlowFast model trained on Russian to correctly classify speech disorders in Polish-speaking children. The open PAVSig dataset (N=201 children, 66,781 audio segments with double expert diagnosis of sigmatism) was used as the target corpus. In zero-shot evaluation mode (without any retraining on Polish data), the without the need to collect large labeled corpora for each model achieved 87.3% accuracy, 86.8% precision, 88.1% recall, 87.4% F1-score, and 0.92 AUC-ROC. Minimal adaptation (finetuning on 10% of the data) increased accuracy to 91.8%, and on 25% of the data – to 94.2%. Error analysis revealed that the main difficulties are associated with acoustic differences in Polish sibilant sounds (sz, cz, ż), accounting for 58% of all errors in zero-shot mode, as well as background noise (27%) and short segment duration (15%). After fine-tuning on 25% of the data, the proportion of errors due to cross-lingual acoustic differences decreased to 22%. The results confirm the high cross-lingual transferability of the SlowFast architecture and open prospects for creating multilingual automated speech disorder diagnostic systems new language.