Introduction. This article analyzes the processes that affect the performance of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in the context of self-similar traffic. It explores the features of various packet flow distribution strategies (continuous probing, request-driven, event-driven, and hybrid) and their compliance with quality of service (QoS) requirements. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are essential for smart homes, wearable devices, and Industry 5.0 and smart city projects. They automate processes using remotely controlled actuators and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based monitoring systems, and collect big data. A key segment of the BSS is the Internet of Things (IoT), which requires improved network performance and reliability due to the increasing number of connections and traffic. Existing solutions often struggle to cope, highlighting the need for IT infrastructure adaptation. The study is relevant due to the contradictions between the growing needs of IoT and the limited capabilities of networks.

Materials and methods. The goal of this work is to analyze the processing of self-similar traffic in BSS and develop recommendations for optimizing the architecture and parameters of networks. The main objectives include modeling self-similar flows and evaluating performance under high data transfer rates. Materials and methods. Using the method of slowly varying amplitudes, the system of mass, energy, and momentum conservation equations for both phases is reduced to a single nonlinear wave equation.

Results and discussion. The results will help optimize the IT infrastructure for the efficient operation of BSS when the number of devices increases. Attention is paid to the proven self-similar nature of BSS traffic, which significantly affects network performance. Technological solutions for IoT, including LPWAN technologies (LoRaWAN, NB-IoT), are considered, and the problems of ensuring QoS during ultra-dense deployment of sensor devices are identified.

Conclusion. The paper analyzes the factors affecting the performance of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) when serving self-similar traffic. The main conclusions are: WSNs require traffic distribution strategies that comply with QoS standards. Self-similar traffic complicates QoS provisioning due to the inefficiency of classical models, and fractal models are needed. Network gateways become a bottleneck, and traffic management mechanisms such as AQM and intelligent classification are required. LPWAN technologies (e.g., LoRaWAN) require protocol adaptation for ultra-dense deployments. Heterogeneous BSSs require traffic prioritization, AQM, smoothing, and forecasting. The agriculture sector requires intelligent traffic classification to manage latency, bandwidth, and loss. To improve BSS performance, comprehensive optimization is needed, including adaptive QoS mechanisms and advanced technologies.

Introduction. The modern agro-industrial complex faces challenges that require a transition to precision, resource-saving, and adaptive management methods. Wireless sensor networks are considered a key technological foundation for the digitalization of the agro-industrial complex. However, a gap persists in the literature regarding the lack of a systematic analysis of the integration potential of WSNs and their comprehensive impact on the operational, economic, and environmental efficiency of the agro-industrial complex at all stages of the value chain.

Goal. The aim of this systematic review is a comprehensive analysis of the role of WSNs in improving the operational, economic, and environmental efficiency of the agroindustrial complex, as well as identifying key technological trends, implementation barriers, and promising directions for future research.

Materials and methods. A systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The search for relevant publications for the period 2021–2026 was performed in the Scopus database using a defined search strategy. Study selection was carried out according to PICOS criteria, focusing on empirical works dedicated to the application of WSNs in various sectors of the agro-industrial complex. For the analysis, methods of qualitative thematic synthesis, bibliometric visualization (VOSviewer), and critical assessment of study quality were used.

Results and discussion. Five key thematic research clusters were identified, confirming their interdisciplinary nature. It was established that WSNs have a significant positive impact on the key performance indicators of the agro-industrial complex, such as increasing yield by up to 43%, saving water by up to 50% and fertilizers by up to 32%, and reducing energy consumption by up to 50%. The technological component of WSNs is evolving towards hybrid cloud-edge architectures with artificial intelligence integration. An analysis of barriers hindering the active application of this technology in the agro-industrial complex was performed.

Conclusion. WSNs are the technological core for building an efficient and sustainable agro-industrial complex. This review systematizes evidence of their positive impact on KPIs and highlights architectural and integration trends. For the full realization of WSNs' potential, further interdisciplinary research is needed, aimed at overcoming technical and economic barriers, developing standards, and creating adaptive solutions that consider local conditions.

Introduction. Under conditions of digital hyperpublicity, account-recovery methods based on a user’s “personal knowledge” become increasingly vulnerable. The mechanism of security questions, which relies on recalling autobiographical facts (a biographical code), faces a dual risk: answers can be compromised through open sources, and recall reliability can decline due to the reconstructive nature of autobiographical memory, interference, and the loss of contextual cues.

Materials and methods. An online quasi-experiment was conducted (N = 150; ages 20–45), including an assessment of digital engagement using the Digital Footprint Index and a cognitive test measuring recall of answers to 10 security questions of two types (standard and personalized). Accuracy, response time, and subjective confidence were recorded; for part of the sample, self-reports were selectively verified and a post-survey examined reasons for errors.

Results and discussion. Personalized questions were recalled worse than standard ones: lower accuracy, a higher proportion of “I don’t remember” responses, longer response times, and lower confidence; the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001). A negative association was found between digital footprint volume and recall success (accuracy), and a positive association with response time; the effect was most pronounced for personalized questions. The post-survey indicated a significant contribution of interference and competing “versions” of memories.

Conclusion. The findings confirm systematic limitations of traditional security questions under digital openness and point to the need to shift toward more robust authentication mechanisms that incorporate contextual and behavioral user features.

Introduction. The article addresses the problem of detecting cyberattacks in the infrastructure of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), the relevance of which is driven by the rapid growth of connected industrial devices and the increasing number of attacks on critical control systems. The aim of the study is to analyze and compare machine learning methods to improve the effectiveness of attack detection in IIoT networks.

Materials and methods. The study is based on a network traffic dataset containing 84 features and 67,267 records. Data preprocessing techniques, informative feature selection, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied. Several machine learning algorithms were investigated, including Decision Tree, K-Nearest Neighbors, Tree Ensemble, PNN Learner, and Gradient Boosted Trees. Model performance was evaluated using cross-validation and tree depth limitation to mitigate overfitting.

Results and discussion. A comparative analysis of classification models was conducted. The results show that the use of PCA and model parameter optimization significantly improves attack detection accuracy. The best performance was achieved by the Tree Ensemble model, which reached a classification accuracy of 97.5% when using 17 principal components.

Conclusion. The obtained results confirm the effectiveness of machine learning approaches for building intrusion detection and security monitoring systems in Industrial Internet of Things environments.

The rational use of groundwater under conditions of increasing recreational pressure requires a detailed study of hydro-lithospheric processes. The aim of this work is to investigate filtration characteristics and develop a mathematical model for the Arkhyzskiy-1 site of the Arkhyz drinking groundwater deposit. The research is based on experimental filtration works carried out in 2024 at wells No. 131-E, 131-K-1 and 131-K-bis. Data processing was performed in accordance with methods of approximating transfer functions of distributed objects. Based on static transfer coefficients, integral parameters of hydraulic interaction between wells were determined: D = 0.0135487, K = 0.00075576, Kp = 2.1019758. Graphs of the spatial distribution of interaction coefficients were constructed. A mathematical model of unsteady filtration for a two-layer medium was developed, taking into account leakage between layers, elastic properties of rocks, and the impact of production wells. Model verification against field data confirmed its adequacy. The obtained results and the developed model provide a scientific and methodological basis for optimizing the field development regime and planning measures for rational environmental management under conditions of increasing recreational pressure on the region.

Introduction. In the context of growing competition in the agro-industry, especially in crop production, it is important to develop innovative methods of raw material processing. These methods should optimize energy costs, improve product quality, and reduce losses. Drying is a key technological process used at different stages of processing. In the changing geopolitical environment, improving drying equipment becomes critical for competitiveness in domestic and international markets, as well as for producing high-quality products that meet modern standards.

Materials and methods. Modern research focuses on studying thermal processes, oxidative reactions, and changes in the structure and physical properties of plant raw materials. The key challenge is the thermolability of materials, which leads to the destruction of valuable components at high temperatures. The works of A. V. Lykov and A. F. Bulyandra laid the foundations for theoretical models and practical methods. Special attention is paid to the kinetics of moisture transfer, energy illumination parameters, spectral characteristics, and drying rates.

Results and discussion. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of drying units used in modern plant processing practices. These units exhibit a wide range of design parameters, leading to their classification based on various criteria. This systematization allows for a detailed comparative analysis of different types of equipment, which in turn contributes to a deeper understanding of the technical aspects of the drying process and the optimization of production processes.

Conclusion. Improving drying technologies and developing new drying units will increase the competitiveness of agriculture, improve energy efficiency, and reduce environmental impact.

The relevance of using functional ingredients in yogurt technology is substantiated. The physicochemical and organoleptic properties of yogurt samples with added vitamin C and rutin were studied. To optimize the yogurt recipe, the choice of flavor fillers was experimentally substantiated. Organoleptic profiles of experimental yogurt samples with the addition of fillers were obtained. Based on all the experiments, a yogurt sample with a 5% starter culture and a functional filler in the amount of vitamin C and rutin in a 50:50 ratio was selected for the creation of a three-layer milk dessert. A mixture of sweeteners at a level of 3% and a flavor filler "Banana" at 0.3% were selected to improve the organoleptic properties and further combination in the dessert. Results of research proved the feasibility of using yogurt enriched with vitamin C and rutin for the production of a three-layer dairy dessert.

According to the International Diabetes Federation, 537 million adults have diabetes, which is about 10% of this age group. By 2030, the number of people with diabetes could increase to 643 million. Type 2 diabetes is associated with insulin resistance in cells, which leads to hyperglycemia. Insulin is transported into cells through the insulin receptor, which involves tyrosine kinase. Some nutrients, including lecithin, vitamin B₁, and vitamin PP, reduce insulin resistance in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Based on an analysis of the diabetic menu used in medical and preventive institutions, a deficiency of lecithin, vitamins B₁, and PP in the diet was established. Using computational chemistry, it was determined that the insulin receptor, glucose, insulin, and lecithin are electron acceptors. Molecular docking has proven that not only insulin and the insulin-glucose complex, but also lecithin, significantly activate the insulin receptor and promote the penetration of glucose through the cell membrane.

This article presents data from a study of the species affiliation of yeast fungi in East Antarctica, conducted using a comparative analysis of genetic sequences encoding 18S rRNA and carbohydrate metabolism characteristics. Analysis of the relationships between phylogenetic and physiological parameters of pentose, hexose, and disaccharide metabolism enabled the identification of 21 yeast isolates, including 2 strains from the Ascomycota phylum and 19 strains from the Basidiomycota phylum. According to the analysis, ascomycetous yeasts efficiently metabolize the entire range of carbohydrates studied. Different basidiomycete species exhibit intergeneric and intraspecific differences in the substrate specificity of carbohydrate metabolism. The ascomycetous yeast Dothiora sp. BIM Y-383 contains the melanin pigment as a secondary metabolite. The isolated melanin exhibited antioxidant, genoprotective, and antibacterial activity.

Introduction. The article analyzes the recipes, process charts and technology for preparing Königsberg klops at public catering establishments in the Kaliningrad region.

Goal. The article aims conduct an analysis of recipes, technological charts and preparation methods for Königsberg klopse in catering establishments of the Kaliningrad regionю.

Materials and methods. The work used analytical, general scientific methods, as well as comparative analysis techniques.

Results and discussion. During the work it was discovered that Prussian traditions are not always observed when preparing klops. Chefs at public catering establishments add variety to the recipes and technology when preparing Königsberg klops. Today, more than a hundred klops recipes are known.

Conclusion. Currently, in some restaurants in Kaliningrad, a dish called "Königsberg Klopsy" is listed on the menu as a signature dish. This dish is one of the most popular dishes today among tourists and visitors to public catering establishments.

The modern food industry is focused on the production of functional products, among which prebiotics occupy a special place. A key and promising prebiotic is inulin, which not only stimulates the growth of beneficial intestinal microflora, but also has valuable technological properties. The main source for its industrial production is chicory root. In this regard, an urgent task is to assess the quality of inulin concentrate obtained from new varieties, such as the domestic variety Yaroslavsky-1. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physico-chemical, technological and functional properties of inulin concentrate extracted from chicory roots of the Yaroslavsky-1 variety. The results of the study showed that the resulting concentrate is characterized by a high inulin content (78.2 g/100 g of solids). The content of monosaccharides, in particular glucose and fructose, was relatively low at the level of 4.8 and 6.2%, respectively, which indicates a slight hydrolysis of the polysaccharide. The inulin concentrate had a slightly acidic reaction of the medium (pH=5.8) and a moderate viscosity (2.8 MPa·s), which is favorable for its technological application. Biological tests confirmed the pronounced prebiotic properties, as the extract stimulated the growth and development of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum Bifidobacteria and increased their resistance to acid stress and bile acids. In addition, significant antioxidant activity was found (IC50 in the DPPH test was 0.45 mg/ml). Thus, inulin concentrate from chicory of the Yaroslavsky-1 root variety has high quality and a complex of functional properties, which makes it a valuable ingredient for creating fortified foods with desired properties and antioxidant characteristics.

The article discusses the problem of low efficiency of the classical technology of centrifugation of utfel I crystallization. The existing solutions, including patent No. 2827984, are analyzed and their limitations related to the lack of adaptation to the changing properties of the wafer are revealed. An improved technology has been proposed (patent No. 2845567) using a "flexible" process control program. Special attention is paid to optimizing the moment of crystal flushing based on the control of ow pressure. The implementation of this approach makes it possible to increase sugar yield by 0.9% and improve its key quality indicators. The article will be useful for researchers and technologists of the sugar industry.

This article critically examines the idea of a "strong leader-driven democracy," proposed by some contemporary Russian political scientists as the "ideal political system" for Russia as a civilizational state within the context of the current debate about Russia's identity. It demonstrates that "leader-driven democracy", as they interpret it, is indistinguishable from plebiscitary democracy. It is a minimal democracy, a kind of democratic excess, and, by virtue of its "minimality", i.e., its limitations, it cannot serve as a political guideline, a "beacon" to which one should aspire in a strategic sense. In a context where we are discussing Russia's distinctive path as a civilization-state and the civilizational foundations of Russian statehood, we must move away from reasoning within the coordinate system of "monarchy – aristocracy - democracy" or "democracy – authoritarianism - totalitarianism." Based on this, and drawing on the tradition of Russian political thought, the concept of ideocracy is proposed as an alternative, implemented through a mechanism described in Eurasianist theory as a "guarantee state". A necessary condition for ideocracy is the presence of a "governing idea", which for Russia can only be the ideal of Truth - the only one immanent in our public consciousness and cultural-historical tradition since the time of Muscovite Rus. A significant advantage of ideocracy as a political guideline, as opposed to "leaderdriven democracy", is that it can be implemented through either individual or collective leadership. However, regardless of the form of government in a particular historical period, ideocracy, as a general definition of a form of government, must meet two key characteristics stemming from the civilizational foundations of Russia's statehood: it must be organic and enlightened.

The article examines the evolution of interparliamentary cooperation between the Russian Federation, the European Union (EU), and the United States (USA), identifying its distinctive features amid transformations in international relations. Drawing on institutional and comparative approaches, it analyzes the origins, key stages, and current state of parliamentary dialogues. The study highlights that in the 1990s and early 2000s, these formats emerged within liberal-institutional frameworks to foster socialization and integration. From the mid-2010s onward, they evolved into instruments of mutual delegitimization and ideological confrontation. The crisis of official channels—the EU-Russia Parliamentary Cooperation Committee and the US Congress dialogue—is analyzed through realist and constructivist lenses, revealing the structural causes of their stagnation. Special attention is given to informal practices (e.g., Belgrade meetings and parliamentary group activities), which serve to maintain residual ties. The article proposes a model of functional transformation in parliamentary diplomacy during the shift from cooperation to conflict. It concludes that its revival depends not on internal institutional dynamics, but on the macro-political context and the parties' readiness for de-escalation. The methodological foundation comprises general scientific methods and those of the social sciences and humanities.

The article examines the evolution of the Soviet government's policy toward Islam from the 1920s to the 1980s. The analysis demonstrates that the initial Marxist approach, which viewed religion as a "relic," was shaped by the practical challenges of governing a multinational empire and safeguarding foreign policy interests. The study identifies several distinct stages, each characterized by different strategies: from tactical cooperation and severe repression in the early period to the establishment of the system of Spiritual Administrations of Muslims (DUM) during and after the war. Particular attention is paid to the "Thaw" period, when administrative and bureaucratic pressure led to a schism within the religious sphere and the emergence of a "parallel" Islam. Furthermore, the article explores the influence of the "Afghan factor" (1979-1989), which served as a catalyst for the politicization of Islamic identity and the introduction of radical interpretations. The conclusion is drawn that Soviet policy, which evolved from the denial of Islam to its instrumentalization, failed to achieve the goal of complete secularization. Instead, it contributed to the entrenchment of Islam in the private sphere and the accumulation of protest potential. The legacy of this policy - the duality of official and unofficial religious institutions - continues to influence post-Soviet societies.

The article examines the role and dynamics of the development of border cooperation as a component of the foreign policy strategy of the Russian Federation from 2000 to the present day. The author analyzes the provisions of the Foreign Policy Concepts of the Russian Federation from different years (2000, 2008, 2013, 2016, and 2023), focusing on the evolution of attitudes toward interregional and border interaction. It is shown that in the early concepts, border cooperation appeared indirectly through the objectives of good-neighborliness and integration within the post-Soviet space. However, in later documents, it was designated as an important resource for bilateral relations and constructive dialogue with neighboring states. The article considers the legal and regulatory foundations of Russia’s border cooperation, including the Concepts of Border Cooperation adopted in 2001 and 2020, and their correlation with the priorities of foreign policy. Special attention is paid to the current stage, when border interaction is used to promote integration projects - among which the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) is recognized as the most successful and productive - to overcome barriers and maintain stability along the borders. The conclusion states that border cooperation has developed into an integral element of Russia’s foreign policy strategy, having evolved from a tool of regional policy into an independent domain requiring careful consideration in conceptual documents and in the practical implementation of Russia’s foreign policy.

The article examines the development and future of Vietnam's partnership with the member states of the EAEU. Based on the analysis of statistical data and academic sources, the authors assess the impact of such factors as energy cooperation, logistical constraints, and external competition. A central focus of the work is the study of the effects of the Free Trade Agreement (2016) and the prospects of the "EAEU Digital FTA 2.0" digital initiative. As a forecast, the study substantiates a target trade turnover of USD 15 billion by 2030, with Russia potentially accounting for approximately USD 10 billion.

Introduction. Currently, technological innovations are being introduced into everyday life at an accelerated pace. In connection with the modern challenges that our country is facing, executive authorities need to strengthen measures in the field of national security, as well as carry out activities aimed at ensuring public safety at the regional level. Despite the repeated consideration by domestic scientists of issues in the field of ensuring public safety, there are still "dark spots" in the study of this topic. The issues of ensuring public safety during mass events in the regions of the country have not been fully studied. The relevance of the conducted analysis of effective technologies in the activities of regional executive authorities to ensure public safety can serve as a source of knowledge on the preparation and holding of mass events. An important condition for holding such events is the safety of citizens attending such events. An important problem remains the identification of the most effective technologies used in ensuring public safety in the system of activities of regional executive authorities.

The purpose of the work is to identify and analyze effective technologies used in the activities of regional executive authorities of the Russian Federation to ensure public safety. The key objective of the article is to study effective technologies used in the activities of regional executive bodies to ensure public safety, as well as to study and develop technological programs to ensure public safety by regional executive bodies.

Materials and methods. When analyzing effective technologies in the activities of executive bodies to ensure public safety, theoretical analysis of scientific literature, descriptive, comparative methods and the method of comparative analysis were used.

Results and discussion. During the analysis of effective technologies in the activities of regional executive bodies to ensure public safety, the processes occurring in the executive bodies of the Lipetsk region were studied. The programs and methods carried out by the executive bodies of the region are considered in detail.

Conclusion. The materials and conclusions obtained as a result of the study can be used as methodological developments applied in the preparation of educational programs in the field of ensuring security in educational institutions, as well as in the process of teaching a course in the theory of administrative law, especially in sections devoted to executive authorities.

The transformation of Russia's political system in the face of challenges requires a new governance model that ensures sovereignty and identity. Russia is implementing mechanisms to protect national identity and strengthen stability. T.A. Shebzukhova and others note that many states are reviewing governance models due to internal and external changes. This requires an analysis and rethinking of existing approaches. A nationally oriented management model (NOMPU) based on national interests and values is being formed. This approach is focused on independent development and takes into account regional specifics. The criteria for effectiveness are the implementation of tasks to strengthen the sovereignty and welfare of citizens, rather than international standards. NOMPU involves integration into international cooperation, taking into account national specifics. The study is based on a comprehensive analysis of NOMPU to comprehensively study the transformation of political governance. The article presents the concept of a nationally oriented model of political governance. Institutional transformations, discursive practices, technological solutions, and mechanisms for embedding value-normative foundations within the framework of the model under study are considered.

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in recent years has become one of the key factors in the transformation of the modern legal system. Machine learning algorithms, neural networks, and generative models are already capable of creating works that are indistinguishable from the results of human creativity.: texts, music, paintings, scripts, and even program code. The relevance of the topic is determined by the rapid introduction of AI into all areas of creative activity and the lack of a unified legal approach to regulating such results. The legislation of most countries, including the Russian Federation, was initially formed around the idea of human authorship, which presupposes the existence of a person with consciousness, will and the ability to create. Artificial intelligence, which has no subjective perception, calls into question these traditional criteria. This creates legal conflicts, from issues of authorship recognition to the distribution of property rights between the developer, the user, and AI technologies. Modern discussions focus on three key issues: the possibility of recognizing artificial intelligence as a subject of copyright; determining the status of a person using AI as a tool to create a work; and the need to adapt existing legislation. The formation of a stable legal model capable of combining innovative technologies and protecting the interests of intellectual property participants depends on solving these issues.