Typological features of the manifestation of political extremism and technological recognition algorithms in the Internet environment

The article examines the manifestations of extremist sentiments on the Internet. The problem of defining the typology of political extremism and its manifestations in the Internet environment is being solved. The purpose - to analyze the manifestations of various types of political extremism in the online sphere and describe technological recognition algorithms - was solved using the following tasks: the characteristic of political extremism is presented, the typologies of political extremism are analyzed, the manifestations of various types of extremism in the Internet environment are investigated, technological recognition algorithms are disclosed. The main dangerous possibilities of network technologies are identified, and various currents of extremism that realize their goals in the online space are compared. In accordance with federal law, extremist activity is inciting hatred and discord on political, ideological, racial, national or religious grounds, as well as propaganda of superiority or inferiority on the specified grounds. According to the definition of Federal Law No. 114, the features of extremism are the violation of territorial integrity, constitutional order, obstruction of the exercise of civil rights or the activities of state bodies, as well as calls for this. In this study, we use the typology of the famous researcher M.K. Archakov from the dissertation "Political Extremism in Russia", based on several signs of political extremism. According to the structure, hierarchical and decentralized, network organizations are distinguished. The first type can be represented by the classical form of a political party. The second, for example, by a radical youth subculture. A. A. Vasiliev emphasizes the diversity of various forms of extremism on the network. Among them, we can highlight: involving citizens in extremist networks; shaping public opinion and planning mass riots; personal work to recruit people for terrorist acts; inciting hatred and discord on political, religious, national grounds; dissemination of harmful materials. Information technology is a neutral tool. Thus, neural networks can be used to counter extremism. With their help, it is possible to create hardware algorithms for searching for radical materials and statements. It is necessary to assess the risks of new communication systems in advance, as well as to adapt digital tools for the purposes of maintaining law and order. A method of searching for extremist sentiments was formed, consisting of several stages: formation of the research base: selecting a segment of the Internet and collecting specific pages for analysis; technical and hardware search. Collecting additional information about the page and the user: IP address, links, involvement in large- scale networks; analysis of specific materials. Search for extremist statements and messages in various communicative forms, in images, in audio and video materials; social analysis. Search for people and groups that spread extremist sentiments, as well as monitoring those who perceive it. Preparation of a dossier. The strength of this algorithm is that it can be used by an ordinary law enforcement officer in the "manual" search for extremist sentiments, as well as by a program or artificial intelligence. The research results can be applied in the educational process of higher education institutions. 

1. Archakov MK. Political Extremism in Russia: Essence, Manifestations, and Countermeasures: Avtoref. Diss… Cand. Polit. Sciences. Ekaterinburg, 2016. 35 p. (In Russ.).

2. Archakov MK. Psychological Features of Political Extremism. Vlast. 2010;12:71-74. (In Russ.).

3. Afanasyeva RM. Sociocultural Conditions for Countering Extremism Among the Youth: A Social and Philosophical Analysis: Diss… Cand. Philos. Sciences. Moscow, 2007. 200 p. (In Russ.).

4. Butenko AS. Extremism on the Internet: Concept and Essence. Jurist-Pravoved, 2019;2(89):57-61.

5. Vasiliev AA. Manipulation of Public Opinion through Virtual Communities. Christian Reading. 2016;5:207-222. (In Russ.).

6. Zhukova NA, Yaroshchuk IA. Extremism: Concept and Genesis in the Context of International Legal Science. Nomothetika: Philosophy. Sociology. Law. 2020;45(1):113-122. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18413/2712-746X-2020-45-1-113-122

7. Nekrasov DE. Racial and Ethnic Extremism: Criminological Aspect: Diss… Cand. Law Sciences. Ryazan, 2006. 254 p. (In Russ.).

8. Nikitin AG. Types and classifications of extremist behavior: general theoretical and legal problems. Actual problems of economics and law. 2014;1(29):186-194. (In Russ.).

9. Plotnikov VV. The phenomenon of extremism in the modern social system. Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. 2015;11-1:142-145. (In Russ.).

10. Khanbabaev KM. Religious and political extremism: A textbook. Makhachkala: Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2008. 441 p. (In Russ.).

11. Federal Law of July 25, 2002 N 114-FZ "On Counteracting Extremist Activity" (with amendments and additions). [Electronic resource]. URL: https://base.garant.ru/12127578/ (accessed: 31.03.2025). (In Russ.).

12. Rogach OV, Frolova EV. Analysis of the influence of social networks on modern teenagers: key problems and destructive consequences. Bulletin of Perm University. 2022;2:305-314. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/analiz-vliyaniya-sotsialnyh-setey-na-sovremennyh-podrostkov-klyuchevye-problemy-i-destruktivnye-posledstviya (accessed: 31.03.2025). (In Russ.).