The authors of this article, taking into account the historical Potsdam Conference (1945) and experience of development problems of collective security, Russia considers the modern aspects of this direction in the space of States of the Caspian region. Special attention is paid to the issues of cooperation between the Caspian countries in the field of military-political and strategic cooperation, production and transportation of hydrocarbon resources, energy and environmental security. The modern «Caspian process», as a complicated geopolitical complex of problems, is accompanied by the emergence of new factors of influence. The growing role of the Turkish factor in the geopolitics of the Caspian region is changing the configuration of the most important non-regional actors of influence. In connection with the recent events in Nagorno-Karabakh, the risks of destabilization in the region are increasing. As a result, the role and significance of the «third forces», including the countries of the North Atlantic Alliance, which can strengthen the military-political and economic presence in the Caspian Sea, are changing. In these conditions, the importance of the factor of «consolidated cooperation» of the Caspian states increases on the basis of their active participation in the creation of the regional international Organization of the Caspian Economic Cooperation (OCEC), the joint naval forces «CASFOR» and other structures designed to ensure the development and strengthening of the collective security of the Caspian region states.